David Samwell sailed on the Third Voyage on the Resolution as Surgeon's mate, later transferring to the Discovery. He was born in Nantglyn, Wales in 1751 and died in London in 1798. Prior to his death he had been a surgeon to British troops at Versailles in France. Samwell kept a journal on the Third Voyage, which contains one of the most detailed descriptions of the events surrounding Cook's death. He was also a respected poet who wrote verse in English and Welsh and was honoured at eisteddfods. There is a short biography of him in the Dictionary of National Biography (vol.17, p.732).

John Satterly (variously Satterley) was the carpenter on the Endeavour. He joined the ship's compliment on 27 May 1768 and helped with the fitting out of the ship. Satterly had previously served as carpenter on a 5th rate, the Prince Edward, before that ship was laid up in June 1766.

There is no record of Satterly's place or date of birth. His will records him as coming from Chatham. He died on 12 February 1771 as the Endeavour crossed the Indian Ocean. Cook recorded in his journal:

His will (PROB 11/969) was proven on 29 July 1771. He left everything to his "Mother Elizabeth Satterley of Chatham in the County of Kent but in case of her Death, I Give, Devise and bequeath the same unto my Sister Elizabeth Mitchell of Chatham aforesaid".

Commentary by Cliff Thornton on Satterly's will

1. John Satterley (sic) was appointed as carpenter of the Endeavour on 22 April 1768, as such he was the first member of her crew. His previous ship was the Prince Edward.
   
2. Whilst his Will describes himself, his mother and sister as being ":of Chatham", the name Satterley is more commonly found in Devon where it was derived from the village of Satterleigh.
   
3. The Will was made out on the 7th February 1771 when the Endeavour was in the Indian Ocean heading for Cape Town. The end of January and early February saw a number of the ship's crew die from dysentery. Satterly died on 12 February 1771, 5 days after making his Will, Cook recorded in his journal:
   "At 7AM died of the flux after a long and painfull illness Mr John Satterly, Carpenter, a Man much Esteem'd by me and every Gentleman on board...."
   
4. The Will may have been prepared at the behest of Cook to ensure that Satterly's wishes for the disposal of his estate were carried out. Although at the subsequent probate hearing, an earlier Will was produced, but was considered to have been superseded by his latter Will made on board the Endeavour.
   
5. The executors of the Will, Edward Clement and Thomas Frons were presumably known to John Satterly as a result of the trade which they had in common.

Temporary entry May 2007

Patrick Saunders sailed on the Endeavour as a midshipman. He joined as such on 22 June 1768 and remained so until 23 May 1770. He was then disrated to an AB. It was believed that Saunders had been responsible for the attack on Richard Orton, the ship's clerk. Saunders deserted at Jakarta on 25 December 1770, which was taken as proof of his guilt in the Orton incident. Nothing further is known about hime including whether he ever returned to Britain. He never became a lieutenant.

Francis Scarnell sailed on the Resolution on the second voyage. He joined on 03 January 1772 as a quartermaster, becoming an AB on 10 July 1772. He was listed as being born in Portsmouth about 1750.

Joseph Shank sailed on HMS Adventure, Cook's companion vessel on the second voyage, as first lieutenant under Tobias Furneaux. He was relatively old for such a voyage being aged about 42 when the ships set sail in 1772 and things soon went wrong for him. During the voyage south in the Atlantic, Shank became ill, forcing him to leave the voyage and Cook sent him home from Cape Town in November 1772.

Shank's immediate involvement with Cook was therefore very limited - three months sailing on different ships. However, there are several interesting things associated with Shank and his family worth investigating.

Shank was born about 1730, the son of Joseph and Mary Shank. Joseph Shank senior was a merchant seaman with his own vessel. The younger Joseph Shank followed his father to sea and joined the Royal Navy. In Joseph junior's will, written in 1757, he described himself as mate on board His Majesty's Ship Buckingham. Shank became a lieutenant on 29 January 1759. Little else is known about him until he was chosen to sail on the Adventure.

The Shanks had at least one other child, Robert Shank, who became a notary public, based at the Royal Exchange. Robert married Jane Honychurch in 1753 and they had two children. Mary Shank, his mother, died about 1752 leaving Captain Shank, as he was known, a widower. The Captain became friendly with a married woman (Elizabeth(?) Looney) and they began living together at Shank's house in Worcester Street, between Old Gravel Lane and Broad Street in Wapping and next door to the "Shepherd and Shepherdess" public house. What was strange about this arrangement was that Daniel Looney, another seafarer and husband of the woman (her first name was not stated but may have been Elizabeth - a Daniel Looney married Elizabeth Callow on the Isle of Man in 1745) lived with them in the same house when not at sea.

Robert Shank was very critical of the Looneys, describing them as very common, and tried to persuade his father to leave them. He failed in this and things reached a head on 07 November 1761 when an argument occurred in the Worcester Street house and Daniel Looney shot Joseph Shank, killing him. Looney was arrested and, after being tried at the Old Bailey on 09 December where he was found guilty, he was hung.

Robert Shank testified at the trial mentioning that, after being told that his father had been shot, he had gone to see his brother-in-law, William Honychurch. In Robert's testimony at the trial, he stated that William Honychurch lived near the Bell Dock in Wapping so must have been a neighbour of the Batts at the Bell Alehouse.

William Honychurch and his wife later moved to live in Mile End as Honychurch's will dated 1787 described him as a gentleman of Mile End. Living in Mile End they were neighbours of James and Elizabeth Cook when they lived at Assembly Row. Honychurch's wife was the Elizabeth Honychurch, who wrote to Frances McAllister (née Wardale) in the USA telling her about Elizabeth Cook's move from Mile End to Clapham. Elizabeth Honychurch died in 1795 and was buried with several other members of the Shank-Honychurch family at St. Margaret's Church at Lee, just south of Greenwich

Meanwhile, Lieutenant Joseph Shank had died in 1782. It is not known where he died or where he was buried. His brother, Robert Shank, was named executor and sole beneficiary in Joseph's will. Nobody else was mentioned in the will.

Temporary entry May 2007

Thomas Shaw sailed on both the second and third voyages. He joined the Scorpion 17 September 1771 and then transferred to the Resolution for the second voyage on 16 December 1771 as an AB. His name was re-entered on the muster roll on 27 February 1772 as AB. Shaw was then discharged on 28 April 1772 to a supernumerary list but was re-entered on 01 July 1772 as an AB.

Shaw joined the Discovery for the third voyage on 16 March 1776 as an AB. He became a gunner's mate on 30 March 1776. Shaw, together with Alexander Mouat, tried to desert on Raiatea on 27 November 1777.

Shaw was born in London about 1753.

Thomas Sheath sailed on the Discovery on the third voyage. He joined on 24 April 1776 as an AB and became a quartermaster in June 1776. He became an AB on 31 August 1776. Sheath was born in Boston, Lincolnshire in 1758. He was baptised on 20 July 1758 at Boston, Lincoln, the son of Jonathan and Mary Sheath.

William Shuttleworth sailed as a midshipman on Cook's third voyage. He sailed on the Resolution until 16 February 1779 when he transferred to the Discovery. During the voyage Shuttleworth kept a journal of proceedings. On his return to Britain, Shuttleworth changed his surname to Holden as part of the stipulations in his maternal grandparent's will, after the death of his older brother James.

William Shuttleworth was baptised on 26 January 1749, the third son of James and Mary Shuttleworth. The Shuttleworths were rich landowners in the north of England. They had properties at Forcett Hall in North Yorkshire and Gawthorpe Hall near Burnley in Lancashire. James Shuttleworth, William's father, had married Mary Holden, heiress to estates at Aston-on-Trent near Derby, thus adding to the family fortunes.

The Shuttleworths had at least six children of whom Robert Shuttleworth was the oldest. Born in 1743, Robert succeeded to most of the northern properties when his father died in 1773. In anticipation of this, Mary Holden's father, Robert Holden, stipulated in his will that the estate he was passing on through his daughter should go to the second son with the proviso that that son would change his name to Holden. James Shuttleworth was the second son and he therefore changed his name in 1768 to James Holden. However, James Holden died in 1780 so when William Shuttleworth returned from Cook's third voyage he discovered he had succeeded to the Holden inheritance.

William's older brother, Robert Shuttleworth, was an acquaintance of Joseph Banks, both being members of the Royal Society and it was through Banks that William probably gained a place on the third voyage. John Gore wrote to Joseph Banks from Cape Town, early in the third voyage, mentioning Shuttleworth as follows:

After the voyage Shuttleworth (at least using the surname Shuttleworth) disappeared from the records. William like his brother before him changed his surname to Holden and a William Holden qualified as a lieutenant on 25 May 1781. Little else is known about him at this time (January 2007). Family documents from around 1800 (Papers of Holden Family of Aston Hall, Aston-upon-Trent held at the Derbyshire Record Office) state that he and his widow were both dead and without issue:

William (Shuttleworth) Holden died on 26 January 1791 at Rouen in Normandy. William's younger brother, the Reverend Charles Edward Shuttleworth succeeded him.

John Simcoe was James Cook's captain on HMS Pembroke from 1757. Cook sailed with him until Simcoe's death off Anticosti Island at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in Canada on 15 May 1759, when Simcoe died of pneumonia.

John Simcoe was born on 28 November 1710 in Staindrop in County Durham, northeast England. His parents were William and Mary (née Hutchinson) Simcoe, who had married earlier that year on 03 January 1710 in Staindrop. The Simcoes may have been associated with nearby Raby Castle.

Simcoe joined the Royal Navy and became a close friend of Samuel Graves, who was rising through the ranks at the same time. Graves, who was born in 1713, became a lieutenant in 1740 and a captain in 1744. Simcoe himself became a lieutenant on 07 August 1739 and received his first command on 19 December 1743, that of a bomb vessel, the Thunder. On 28 December 1743, Simcoe was made a captain and appointed to HMS Kent but only remained with the ship until 18 February 1744.

Simcoe transferred to be captain of HMS Seahorse, part of the Royal Navy squadron based at Jamaica. In 1745, he was still in Jamaica, this time in command of HMS Falmouth, having been moved to that ship on 29 January 1745. Simcoe left the Falmouth on 24 October 1746 but it was several months before he joined a new ship, the Prince Edward on 14 March 1747.

While still captain of the Prince Edward, John Simcoe married Catherine Stamford in Bath Abbey on 08 August 1747. The war finished and Simcoe left the Prince Edward on 12 September 1748 allowing the Simcoes to make their home at Cotterstock in Northamptonshire, where they had four sons. The two eldest, Paulet William (possibly named after Charles Paulet (sometimes Powlett), another captain in West Indies waters) and John William, both died in infancy while the youngest, Percy, drowned in the River Exe in 1764. Only the third boy, John Graves, survived to adulthood.

A sign of the friendship between Simcoe and Graves happened in 1750. Samuel Graves married Elizabeth Sedgwick, the daughter of John Sedgwick from Staindrop on 19 June 1750 at St. George's Church, Hanover Square, London. It is probable that Simcoe introduced the couple, given his own association with Staindrop.

When war resumed, Simcoe was appointed as captain of the St. George on 03 July 1756. He remained with the ship until he was given command of HMS Pembroke, a new ship, on 05 April 1757. Later that year, he took the ship out to patrol in the Bay of Biscay. In 1758, the Pembroke crossed the Atlantic to take part in the siege of the French fort of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island. The Pembroke suffered on the crossing and had to remain in Halifax for repairs when the rest of the fleet continued on to Louisbourg. Eventually, the Pembroke reached Louisbourg just as the fort surrendered.

James Cook encountered Samuel Holland, an army engineer, surveying on the beach at Kennington Cove. Simcoe gave Cook the opportunity to learn how to survey from Holland. In 1759, Simcoe and the Pembroke sailed from Halifax as part of the British fleet heading for Quebec. However, Simcoe died from pneumonia on 15 May 1759.

Simcoe's widow, Catherine, moved from Northamptonshire, taking her two surviving sons to live in Exeter in Devon where she had friends. The younger boy, Percy, died in 1764 and Catherine Simcoe died in 1767 leaving John Graves Simcoe as the only surviving member of the family.

John Graves Simcoe was born on 25 February 1752, at Cotterstock, his middle name honouring his godfather Samuel Graves. The young Simcoe attended the Free Grammar School in Exeter, and, in 1766, he entered Eton College. After Catherine's death in 1766, Graves looked after his godson. Simcoe moved on to Merton College, Oxford in 1769, but had returned home to Exeter by 1770. He entered the army in April 1770 and was stationed at Plymouth. In 1775, he was promoted to captain and sailed to North America in 1776, landing on Staten Island, New York in July 1776. In June 1778, he was granted the provisional rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and on the 19th of December 1781, his rank was made permanent.

Simcoe returned to England and, on 30 December 1782, married Elizabeth Posthuma Gwillim at Buckerell in Devon. Elizabeth was the niece of Samuel Graves. Graves's first wife had died and, in 1769, Graves had married Margaret Spinkes from Aldwinkle in Northamptonshire (just a few kilometres from Cotterstock). Margaret's sister, Elizabeth, had died giving birth to young Elizabeth Posthuma in 1762 and as the father, Thomas Gwillim, had also died, Samuel Graves raised his niece.

Elizabeth was very wealthy in her own right and the Simcoes purchased an estate at Wolford near Honiton in Devon and close to the Graves. They built Wolford Lodge, which remained in family hands until 1923, and enlarged and improved the estate over the next few years.

In 1790, Simcoe was promoted to Colonel and was also elected to Parliament as MP for St. Mawes in Cornwall. The next year, he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the new province of Upper Canada and he sailed for Quebec in September 1791. Simcoe remained in Canada for five years and left the colony in July 1796. He accepted a new position in San Domingo as Civil Governor and, in 1797, Simcoe took up his new post. However, he only lasted eight months and returned to England. On 26 February 1798, he was appointed Lieutenant of the County of Devon, and in the following October was gazetted Lieutenant-General. By 1806, Simcoe was in poor health and he died on 26 October in Exeter. He was buried at the Wolford Chapel on the family estate near Honiton. Simcoe and his wife had eleven children. Elizabeth died in 1850.

The survey group from on board HMS Pembroke was remembered when a lake in northern Ontario was named Lake Simcoe after John Simcoe. A river flowing into it is called the Holland River after Samuel Holland, while the place where it enters Lake Simcoe is Cook Bay after the explorer.

Alexander Simpson sailed with Cook on the Endeavour as an Able Seaman. There is no record of his place or date of birth. He died 21 February 1771 as the Endeavour crossed the Indian Ocean. No family is mentioned in the will. He had been punished on 2 December 1769 for theft.

John Smallpiece sailed on the Discovery on the third voyage. He joined on 06 April 1776 as an AB. According to the muster, Smallpiece was born in Deptford about 1753.

Isaac Smith was born in 1753, the oldest of seven children of Charles and Hannah Smith. Charles Smith (1724-1801) married Hannah Savage (1729 - ?) from Cowfold in Sussex in the early 1750s. Charles Smith was the oldest son of Charles and Charity (née Coleman) Smith and that Charles Smith was the brother of Mary Smith, James Cook's mother-in-law. Elizabeth Cook and Isaac Smith were therefore first cousins, once removed.

Smith most probably owed his first experience of sealife to his cousin, Elizabeth, who no doubt persuaded her husband to take him on board. James Cook had been surveying Newfoundland since 1762 and, in 1767, the thirteen year old Isaac accompanied Cook as an AB on the Grenville. It proved to be Cook's last season in Newfoundland as he was appointed to lead the Endeavour expedition to the Pacific. Smith transferred with Cook, again as an AB, and was the first to land at Botany Bay. Cook is reported to have said "Isaac, you shall land first" and to have followed him ashore.

On 23 May 1770, Smith was made a midshipman and then on 26 May 1771, after Zachary Hicks's death, he became a master's mate. During the voyage, Smith became adept at drawing and copying charts for Cook. Later, Cook wrote:

Smith joined the Scorpion on 31 August 1771 as master's mate before being discharged on 16 December 1771 to the Drake later renamed the Resolution, thus maintaining his contact with James Cook. He sailed on the second voyage on the Resolution as master's mate. He kept a log (Adm 55/105 Log 17 December 1771 to 11 March 1775). He obviously recognised his own limitations in writing prose when he put:

As on the Endeavour, Smith assisted with surveys and Cook used him frequently to draw and copy charts. Nearing the end of the second voyage, on 24 May 1775, Cook sent ahead copies of his journals and charts via the Dutton. In an accompanying letter, he wrote:

In 1775, after the second voyage, Smith became a lieutenant though not without some problems as Cook's letter to Phillip Stephens at the Admiralty shows:

The problem was soon resolved, however, as Smith joined the sloop, Weazle, 16 guns. Over the next two years, Smith served in West African waters and in the West Indies. He stayed in the West Indies, taking command of the Scourge, an eight gun sloop on 13 February 1781. Shortly after, he was promoted to commander on 13 May 1781. The Scourge's duties involved ferrying people and dispatches as well as patrolling on the lookout for enemy vessels. On 01 July, Smith was instructed to carry dispatches to the Admiralty in London.

He remained on the Scourge until 06 May 1783 continuing to carry dispatches in home waters based at the Downs. Occasionally there was more excitement and, in 1782, the Scourge helped capture two French warships. Peace was declared in February 1783 and Smith went on half-pay.

Smith was promoted captain on 01 December 1787. On 08 October 1788, he was placed in command of HMS Perseverance, a 5th rate of 882 tons and 36 guns built in 1781. In early 1789, they were ordered to join the British fleet about to leave for the East Indies. Commodore Cornwallis based himself on the Perseverance from September 1789 in Madras until February 1790 in Bombay.

Smith was in Calcutta later that year and met the diarist, William Hickey, who reported:

Smith and the Perseverance received orders to return back to Britain in January 1793 and reached the Isle of Wight in the July. It marked the end of Smith's active service. He was placed on the list of superannuated rear-admirals in 1807 by which time he was severely afflicted with hepatitis.

His cousin, Elizabeth Cook, had moved to live in Clapham High Street while his brother, Charles Smith had retired from his watchmaking business in Bunhill Row to live at his property nearby in Merton. Isaac Smith went to live with Elizabeth Cook at Clapham but the pair of them regularly spent time at Merton. Isaac and Charles Smith's sister, Ursula, had married John Cragg and together they had seven children. However, Ursula Cragg died in 1802, and the children were all brought up at Merton by Charles and, to a lesser extent, Isaac. A close family developed at Merton involving the Craggs, the Smiths and Elizabeth Cook.

Charles Smith died in 1827 and Isaac inherited Merton Abbey from his brother. Isaac and Elizabeth Cook moved to live at Merton but Isaac, himself, died on 02 July 1831, aged 77. Smith left a will (PROB 11/1788) proven on 22 July 1831. Elizabeth Cook, who moved back to Clapham, erected a memorial to Isaac and Charles Smith in St. Mary the Virgin Church, Merton. The memorial was sculpted by Richard Wyatt whose sister Caroline had married Isaac Cragg, Isaac Smith's nephew.

Temporary entry May 2007

Henry Smock sailed on the Resolution for the third voyage. He joined the ship on 18 March 1772 as carpenter's mate. Smock died at sea early in the voyage on 20 August 1772 before reaching Cape Town. He had been working over the side in the scuttles. The event was mentioned by Cook and Forster.Cook wrote:

and Forster wrote:

Smock was baptised on 18 October 1741 at St Mary's, Portsmouth, a son of William and Elizabeth Smock. William Smock had married Elizabeth Pigeon at St Mary's on 29 December 1738.They had other children: William(I), 1739; Elizabeth(I), 1740; Ann, 1744; William(II), 1745; and Elizabeth(II), 1746.

Temporary entry May 2007

James Snagg sailed on the Discovery as surgeon's mate. He joined the ship on 16 March 1776. A James Snagg was baptised on 22 July 1754 at St. Sepulchre, London, the son of Richard and Ann Snagg.

Daniel Solander was a close friend and scientific colleague of Joseph Banks. He accompanied Banks as a naturalist on Cook's first voyage on the Endeavour. Solander was born in Piteå Gammelstad (now Öjebyn) in northern Sweden on the Gulf of Bothnia on 19 February 1733, one of four children of Carl Solander (1699-1760), Lutheran clergyman, and his wife, Magdalena Bostadia (1713-1789).

Solander was schooled at home by his father, an amateur scientist. He travelled south in 1749 to Uppsala to enrol in the university there in 1750, staying with his uncle who was professor of law and had been its rector. Solander changed in 1752 to study botany under Carl Linnaeus, becoming one of his best students and disciples.

Solander undertook collecting tours visiting Piteå and Torneå districts in the north of Scandinavia. He edited Caroli Linnaei elementa botanica in 1756. John Ellis and other naturalists in Britain contacted Linnaeus asking for someone to go over to explain Linnaeus's system of classification. Solander was chosen and he reached London in June 1760. Solander impressed the scientific community in London and, in 1763, he accepted a position at the British Museum to catalogue the natural history specimens, in preference to professorships in St Petersburg and Uppsala that Linnaeus had arranged. His system of recording and description on slips stored in small boxes is in various forms still used today. The boxes were designed by him and this type are still referred to as Solander boxes. Hermann Spöring, whom he met through the Swedish community in London, was taken on as his assistant in 1766.

Although he never gained a doctorate, he assumed the title of Doctor on his arrival in Britain. Over the next two years, Solander met important people and travelled on collecting trips. He was also an agent for the Swedish Government trying to secure new inventions and technology for Sweden. In 1764, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and by 1765 he was working on a descriptive catalogue of the vast private museum of the Duchess of Portland.

Solander met and became friends with Joseph Banks in 1764. When Banks received permission to go on Cook's Endeavour voyage, it was agreed that Solander would go as well. The voyage, however, would take its toll on Solander's health. Already a plump man with a history of malaria, he suffered from hypothermia on a collecting trip at Terra del Fuego. Solander was very ill in Jakarta, in November 1770, when he again caught malaria and dysentery. Finally, at the Cape, he was confined to bed for two weeks with a recurrence of the Jakarta illness. Solander and Banks brought home over 30,000 botanical specimens representing over 3,500 species. Of them, 110 genera and about 1,400 species were new to science.

On the return to Britain in July 1771, Solander and Banks were feted by society and scientific circles and invited to meet King George III. Solander was made honorary Doctor of Laws of the University of Oxford in 1771. When Banks withdrew from Cook's second Pacific voyage, Solander joined the consolation voyage to Iceland and Orkney in 1772, later producing the Flora Islandica. Solander became Banks' secretary and librarian at Soho Square, as well as becoming keeper of natural history at the British Museum in 1773. Solander sat on the Council of the Royal Society from 1774.

While he was at breakfast at Banks's home in Soho Square on 08 May 1782, Solander suffered a massive cerebral haemorrhage, and died five days later. He was buried at the Swedish Church in East London on the 19th May. When the church was demolished in 1913 his coffin was removed and reburied in the Sewdish section of Brookwood Cemetery in Woking, Surrey. Solander never married, after Linnaeus's eldest daughter, Elisabeth Christina, whom Solander had hoped to marry, married another man in 1764.

Several features around the world are named for Solander: Solander Island off South Island, NZ, Solander Island off Vancouver Island, Cape Solander at Kurnell, Botany Bay plus there is a Solander Memorial at Kurnell. The plant genus Solandra and Solander's petrel (Pterodroma solandri) honour him. A portrait of Solander by Johann Zoffany is held by the Linnean Society in London.

Anders Sparrman was a botanist and doctor taken on by Johann Reinhold Forster at Cape Town to assist with the scientific side of Cook's second voyage. Sparrman, a Swede born in Tensta, Uppland, on 27 February 1748, had only recently arrived at the Cape in April 1772 to be tutor to the children of the Dutch resident at False Bay. The prospect of joining Cook's voyage was most attractive to Sparrman, who had already sailed in 1765 to Canton with the Swedish East India Company (E.I.C.) as a surgeon. From 1768, he studied medicine at Uppsala University and learned botany under Linnaeus there. As part of his study, on 30 November 1768, he "defended" Iter in Chinam (an enumeration of natural history subjects observed by Sparrman during his voyage to China) before Linnaeus. Sparrman qualified in 1770. He wanted to travel and the Swedish E.I.C. had arranged for Sparrman to travel on the Castle of Stockholm to explore and collect botanical specimens in South Africa. Sparrman put this on hold and set off with Cook and Forster.

Sparrman was on the Resolution when the ship sailed for Antarctic waters on 23 November 1772. In January 1774, when the Resolution reached 71°10'S, Sparrman vied with Vancouver for the honour of having been furthest south. When the Resolution returned to the Cape, Sparrman left the voyage and set off on a nine month expedition of his own as far as the Eastern Cape, north of present day Port Elizabeth. He returned to Sweden in late 1776.

Sparrman eventually wrote up a narrative of his south African expedition, including descriptions of Hottentots and Kaffirs, which was published in Stockholm in 1783 as Resa till Goda Hopps-Udden, Södra Pol-Kretsen och omkring Jordklotet, samt till Hottentott- och Caffer-Landen åren 1772-76 (A Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, the Antarctic, and round the world, as well as to the Hottentot and Kaffir countries in the years 1772-1776). It was translated into several languages, inluding English in 1785. While the Antarctic is mentioned in the title, Sparrman only devoted twenty pages to his time with Cook. Sparrman later wrote a companion volume, which was issued in two parts sixteen years apart. The first part of Resa omkring Jordklotet I sällskap med Kapit. J. Cook och Hrr Forster. Åren 1772, 73, 74 och 1775. Förrättad och beskriven av Anders Sparrman (A Voyage round the World with Capt. J. Cook and Mr Forster. Encompassing the years 1972, 73, 74 and 75) was published in 1802 and the final part in 1818.

In his absence in Africa, Sparrman had been conferred with a degree of Doctor of Medicine. On his return, he set up in medical practice in Stockholm. Sparrman was elected to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, which also bestowed a reward of 1,000 crowns on him. He was appointed Keeper of the Academy's cabinet of curiosities, to which Sparrman had contributed. He was also appointed Professor of natural history and pharmacology in 1781.

Sparrman was persuaded to take part in an expedition to Senegal in 1787. The expedition, backed by King Gustaf III, aimed to assess the viability of establishing a West African colony, which would blend investment with philanthropy by trading with the Africans. Sparrman, however, saw evidence of the brutality of the slave trade.

Back in Sweden, he was appointed assessor of the Collegium Medicum in 1790. In his later years he worked as a parish doctor for the poor and he died without marrying on 09 August 1820. Mount Sparrman in New Zealand is named after him. The East African subspecies of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman) is also named for him. A member of the lime family was named for him Sparmannia Africana (note incorrect spelling).

As well as his voyage narrative, Sparrman also published a Catalogue of the Museum Carlsonianum (1786-89), in which he described many of the specimens he had collected in South Africa and the South Pacific. He published an Ornithology of Sweden in 1806.

Herman Dietrich Spöring was born in 1733 in Turku, now in Finland but then called Åbo and part of Sweden. His father, who held the chair of medicine at the University of Turku and corresponded with Linnaeus, died in 1747. His mother died in 1754. Spöring had begun studying at the University of Turku in 1748 but moved to Stockholm in 1753 to continue his studies. He then went to London in about 1755 and worked as a draughtsman and watchmaker before becoming Daniel Solander's personal clerk.

Solander was invited by Joseph Banks to sail on the Endeavour and Spöring was taken on as secretary to Banks, also transcribing Solander's notes on the flora and fauna they collected. After the death of the artist, Buchan, Spöring took on a crucial role drawing many delightful and accurate coastal profiles. He also drew careful studies of the prows of Maori whaka (canoes), bringing the meticulous eye for detail of the watchmaker to his drawings.

During the voyage, Cook used Spöring's other talents to repair various defects in the ship's instruments, and in Tahiti he restored the quadrant after it had been stolen and damaged. Like many others he fell seriously ill after Batavia and died of dysentery on the voyage to the Cape. He was buried at sea on 25 January 1771 with Cook writing:

Cook named Spöring's Island off Cook's Cove at Tolaga Bay, New Zealand but the name was not retained and it has reverted to its Maori name, Pourewa. A smal headland in Mercury Bay, New Zealand was named Spöring's Grotto. A memorial to Spöring was unveiled in his home city Turku in 1990.

Robert Stainsby sailed on the first voyage on the Endeavour. He joined on 11 June 1768 as an AB. During the voyage, he was tattooed on Tahiti, supposedly the first man to be done. According to James Roberts in his journal, Stainsby was the Captain;s steward.

Stainsby was born in Low Dinsdale, County Durham, between Stockton and Darlington in 1741. He may have married as a Robert Stainsby married Catherine Berriman on 14 November 1761 at Stoke Damerel, Devon.

William Starling sailed on the third voyage on the Resolution. He joined on 01 March 1776 as AB and Gunroom servant. The muster listed Starling as being born in Chichester, Sussex about 1754. A William Starling was baptised on 28 October 1756 at All Saints, Chichester in Sussex, the son of William and Margaret Starling.

Temporary entry June 2007

James Surridge sailed with James Cook on the Grenville in 1767 when Cook was surveying the west coast of Newfoundland. He joined the Grenville on 09 March 1767 as an AB at Deptford but died at York Harbour in the Bay of Islands on 23 June 1767. Surridge was born in Chipping Ongar, Essex about 1732. He left a will proven on 03 February 1768 (PROB 11/936). The executors were Richard and Susannah Littleboy, the parents of Richard and Michael Littleboy, who would accompany Cook on the Endeavour.

Temporary entry May 2007

Forby Sutherland joined the Endeavour for the first voyage on 30 May 1768 as an AB. Sutherland was baptised on 13 December 1736 at Stromness, Orkney, the son of Alexander and Anne (née Brown) Sutherland.

Sutherland died at Botany Bay on 01 May 1770, probably of tuberculosis. There is a memorial to him at Kurnell near Sutherland Point, which was named after him. There is a Forby Sutherland Memorial Garden at the corner of Princes Highway and Eaton Street in the suburb of Sutherland in south Sydney. (The suburb of Sutherland is, however, not named after Forby Sutherland. Two poems, one by George Gordon McCrae , the other by Henry Kendall, remember Sutherland.

Robert Taylor was the Armourer on Endeavour and had been requested by Cook for the voyage. There is no record of his place or date of birth but in his will he refers to a William Taylor, a shoemaker in Edinburgh, who was most probably a relation. He died at Woolwich on 1 August 1771, just after the Endeavour had reached home.

Commentary by Cliff Thornton on Taylor's will

1. Robert Taylor was specifically requested by Cook to be appointed as Armourer of the Endeavour. How Cook knew of him, whether by personal acquaintance or recommendation from a fellow officer is not known. Taylor joined the ship on 11th June 1768 whilst she was still being fitted out at Deptford.
   
2. The will was made out on 25 July 1771 after the Endeavour had completed its voyage of discovery and returned to the River Thames. Most of the crew were paid off on 18 July and soon afterwards the vessel was docked at Woolwich for resheathing and repairs. Taylor was a sick man and appears to have remained on board. The will refers to the Endeavour being at Woolwich. The ship's pay book indicates that Taylor was discharged as dead on 1 August 1771.
   
3. Beaglehole was unable to trace Taylor's origins, however Taylor's will shows that his father lived in Edinburgh and it seems reasonable to conclude that Robert was born in Scotland. This may explain his close friendship with Robert Anderson who was another Scot, born in Inverness. The will indicates that Taylor meant to leave 20 Guineas to a relative but the actual relationship is missing from the text, and there may have been an error in the name of the relative which is given as "Robert Taylor".
   
4. Taylor's choice of witnesses for his will may have been limited by the circumstances which he found himself.. There is no record of a Thomas Peck serving as surgeon on board the Endeavour and he may have been brought onboard to administer to the dying Taylor. John Marra and William Peckover were both sailors who went on to become gunner's mates serving under Cook on later voyages.
   
5. Taylor's will was processed with remarkable speed. Normally wills take weeks if not months to be processed and Administration granted. What influence enabled this will to be dealt with in a mere seven days before Administration was awarded on 8 August 1771?

William Taylor, who sailed on the third voyage on the Resolution, was born about 1760 in Woolwich, the son of William and Grace Taylor. William Taylor senior was a Royal Navy surgeon. He would complete his naval service as a surgeon at Greenwich Hospital and died in 1793 at Greenwich.

Taylor's mother was born Grace Fletcher about 1720 at Clea Hall near Wigton in north Cumberland. She was the daughter of John and Isabella (née Senhouse) Fletcher. (Fletcher had previously been married to a Mary Christian; another outcome of the relationship between those two families was a certain Fletcher Christian!). Isabella Fletcher had a sister, Grace Senhouse, who married Richard Boyle, the 2nd Viscount Shannon. Together, they had a daughter, Grace Boyle, born 1723. Grace Boyle married Charles Sackville, Earl of Middlesex. She was also reputed to have been a mistress of Frederick, Prince of Wales. Both Isabella Fletcher and Lady Middlesex left large sums of money to Grace Taylor. Grace Taylor died in 1801.

Grace Taylor's brother, Henry Fletcher, joined the East India Company, becoming a director in 1769 and chairman for two years in 1783. He was an MP for Cumberland and was made a baronet. He was therefore in an influential position to help his nephew's career. Sir Henry Fletcher's grandson, also a Henry, was an executor of William Taylor's will.

William Taylor had three brothers and one sister, Isabella. Isabella married another William Taylor and they had six children, five of whom would later become the charges of Cook's William Taylor, who, himself, never married. These children were living at Greenwich with Taylor in the 1830s or feature in his will.

Taylor began his naval career with 16 months as captain's servant on Mary yacht. This was followed by five years as captain's servant and then six months as midshipman on the Royal Charlotte. He joined the Resolution as an AB from the Royal Charlotte. On 23 March 1778, Taylor became a midshipman. He kept a log (Adm 51/4561/216 Log 16 April 1779 to 29 November 1779). Beaglehole's comment about the Log is that "the only really distinguishing point about it is that Taylor can spell".

Taylor was one of the group of midshipmen under William Lanyon in the cutter that went to the assistance of Cook and the others who were attacked at Keakakekua Bay.

Immediately after the voyage, Taylor gained his lieutenant's certificate in October 1780. He became a commander in January 1783 and a captain in September 1793. Taylor took command in 1795 of HMS Prompte, 20 guns, before taking over HMS Andromeda, a 5th rate of 32 guns, which he sailed off Scotland and Newfoundland until 1799. In 1800, he took HMS Magnanime, a 3rd rate of 64 guns as escort for a merchant convoy to Africa and the East Indies. He then went to the West Indies before returning to Plymouth in 1802 and was laid off. In 1803, Taylor commanded Sparrow, a 12 guns cutter.

Taylor became a rear admiral in 1811, a vice admiral in 1819, and an admiral in 1830. He died in Greenwich on 19 July 1842, leaving a will (PROB 11/1968). He was buried at St. Alphage's Church, Greenwich, where there is a memorial to him.

Of his nephew and nieces, John Taylor inherited land and property in Cumberland. After his uncle's death, he moved north to live at Burnfoot House near Wigton where he was looked after by his agent, Jeremiah Smith and his family until Taylor's death in late 1873. Grace Taylor married William Padwick, a Hampshire lawyer. They lived in the manor on Hayling Island and had six children.

Charlotte Murray Taylor married Edward Richard Williams, a navy captain in 1837. However, she died in Lille in France almost immediately. Elizabeth Taylor married Captain (later Admiral) David Price.